A majority of orbital lesions are benign.1 The orbit is, a bony structure with one major anterior opening and, several more posteriorly located fissures through which, important nerves and blood vessels travel into and out, of the orbit (see Chapter 2). Therefore, various space-occupying, lesions tend to present with a varying mixture, of similar signs and symptoms of globe displacement,, eyelid swelling, blepharoptosis, limitation in eye movement,, conjunctival chemosis and hyperemia, elevated, intraocular pressure, chorioretinal folds, and optic, nerve compression as well as other cranial neuropathies., 1 Generally, benign orbital lesions tend to be more, slow-growing and, therefore, present with a more gradual, onset or may sometimes even be asymptomatic., Compared with malignant lesions, on imaging, benign, lesions tend to be more well circumscribed, causing bone, remodeling rather than erosion. However, these general, rules have exceptions, and not all lesions can be classified, into benign or malignant based on clinical presentation, and imaging findings. The topics of orbital tumor classification, and differential diagnosis are covered elsewhere, in this book (see Chapter 42). This chapter focuses on the, diagnosis and specific management of common benign, orbital lesions.
Chapter Keyword: vascular tumors
Vascular Tumors of the Retina, Uvea, and Optic Disc
Vascular neoplasms of the retina, optic disc, and choroid, are benign tumors that can be either congenital or, acquired (Table 30-1). Many have significant systemic, associations (e.g., neuro-oculo-cutaneous syndromes), that require multidisciplinary management. Vascular, neoplasia can be occult or present with mass- or, exudation-related vision loss, visual field defects,, metamorphopsia, and retinal detachment. Their variable, presentations underscore the importance of early, screening and prompt management, particularly in symptomatic, patients. There are various treatment modalities,, the choice of which can be challenging. In this chapter, we cover the most common vascular tumors of the eye.